How to evaluate summaries when no gold summary exists
Reference-free summary evaluation works best when it separates faithfulness from coverage. Faithfulness asks whether each claim is supported by the source. Coverage asks whether the summary includes the source’s most important information.
A practical evaluation set can combine automated checks with a small human rubric. Sample source claims, verify whether they appear accurately, flag unsupported statements, and score whether omissions change the meaning. Keep the rubric short enough that reviewers apply it consistently.
Do not collapse the result into one number too early. A summary can be faithful but incomplete, or comprehensive but misleading. Those failures require different fixes.
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